Our research

The WA Data Linkage System was established in 1995 to connect all available health and related information for the WA population. This information is used for ethically approved research, planning and evaluation projects which aim to improve the health of Western Australians.

The linkage of St John WA clinical data to other health data such as WA emergency department attendances, WA hospitalisation records and WA death records allows researchers (with suitable ethics approval) to use the de-identified data to determine the outcomes for patients who receive emergency care in the prehospital setting.

The Prehospital Care Record Linkage Project sub-study list includes:

• The epidemiology of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in Western Australia
• Improving call-taker recognition of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
• The epidemiology of ambulance attendance in older adults in Western Australia
• Accuracy of stroke identification by paramedics in a metropolitan pre-hospital setting
• Epidemiology of patients with recreational-related incidents attended by St John emergency ambulances in Western Australia
• Development of an empirical model for the strategic placement of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in public locations: improving survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
• The relationship between the quality of CPR performed by St John Ambulance staff and OHCA patient outcomes
• The epidemiology and prehospital management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in rural versus metropolitan locations in Western Australia
• Factors that affect cardiopulmonary resuscitation throughout the emergency call for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
• A descriptive study of frequent ambulance users in Western Australia
• The Prehospital Management of Water-Based Injuries and Medical Emergencies in Western Australia
• Outcomes of patients transported from OHCA scene without return of spontaneous circulation
• Prehospital application of the National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) to predict early patient mortality in Western Australia
• CPR-induced consciousness (CPRIC) among out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) in Western Australia

As demand for Emergency Department (ED) services continues to exceed any increase that can be explained by population growth, strategies to reduce demand and/or increase supply are being explored.

Since 2016, PRECRU has been investigating emergency call interactions – when a caller rings the ambulance for an Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) patient. By including a linguist on our team, we can take a mixed methods approach to understanding the communication issues that occur during the phone calls, with a view to improving patient outcomes.

We apply a fine-grained analysis, known as Conversation Analysis, of the turn-taking dialogue between the lay caller and the St John Ambulance call taker. Through this research we can find ways to improve understanding between the two parties, and to reduce the time it takes to dispatch an ambulance and to commence resuscitation on an OHCA patient. Improving phone call communication has the potential to increase a patient’s chance of survival from cardiac arrest.

PRECRU has two linguists in its team:

Dr Niru Perera

Dr Marine Riou

Current projects include:

Language barriers in OHCA calls

More than a fifth of Australia’s population speak a language other than English at home, yet emergency medical services tend to be English-centric when it comes to communication with the public. Telephone interpreting services are available but are not seen as a viable option for a time-critical emergency like a cardiac arrest.

Our study sets out to:

1. identify the differences between language barrier and non-language barrier calls in terms of time intervals to critical points in the call process (such as OHCA recognition); and benchmark these times against the American Heart Association’s time standards for telecommunicator CPR;
2. understand the interactional patterns between call-takers and callers in language barrier calls, via linguistic analysis, with a view to recommending how call-takers can effectively handle communication issues.

UPDATE: CANCELLED DUE TO WA LEGISLATION. Publication can be found here:

Bernard SA, Bray JE, Smith K, et al. Effect of Lower vs Higher Oxygen Saturation Targets on Survival to Hospital Discharge Among Patients Resuscitated After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: The EXACT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2022;328(18):1818–1826. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.17701

The EXACT study is a phase three multi-centre randomised controlled trial to determine whether reducing oxygen administration to target an oxygen saturation of 90-94 per cent, compared to 98-100 per cent, as soon as possible following successful resuscitation from out of hospital cardiac arrest improves outcome at hospital discharge. The administration of 100 per cent oxygen for the first hours after resuscitation is largely based on tradition and not on any supportive clinical data.

Previous research suggests that the delivery of oxygen at the standard high level (100 per cent) in the hours after a cardiac arrest may increase injury to the brain. This study will investigate if a safe but lower level of oxygen can be administered by paramedics to patients shortly after they have a cardiac arrest and during transportation to hospital. The EXACT study is being undertaken in Western Australia, Victoria and South Australia.

Unintentional injuries account for a substantial proportion of ambulance attendances, emergency department presentations and hospitalisations in Western Australia. Complementing the strengths of PRECRU’s work on out of hospital cardiac arrest, in 2018 Dr Peter Buzzacott joined PRECRU as Senior Research Fellow to develop and lead an injury research team.

Previous research identified falls as the most common reason for dispatching ambulances in Perth, more common than assault, motor vehicle crashes and stroke combined. In 2018 alone it is estimated there were more than 28,000 falls incidents attended by a St John WA ambulance in WA.

In 2019 a summary of what was currently known about St John WA ambulance falls data was included in the inaugural WA Falls Report, published by Injury Matters and the WA Department of Health. Then, in 2020 Paige Watkins, BSc(Hons), enrolled in a PhD with PRECRU, researching falls attended by SJWA ambulances. This research aims to describe who in WA is attended by an ambulance after falling, what injuries they report, what treatments they receive and what their outcomes are (e.g. treated and not transported, or transported to an emergency department, or elsewhere). A better understanding of the big picture of falls in WA may assist prioritise health care resources, aimed at improving patient outcomes. Furthermore, SJWA falls data (compiled by PRECRU) are again to be included in the forthcoming 2020 WA Falls Report.

Next, a project examining injuries sustained while engaged in trails-type recreation has been identified as a Faculty of Health Sciences strategic priority, and applications for a PhD scholarship are now sought. Details are available here. It is thought the majority of recreational activity in WA is unregulated, non-team based, and that much of it involves trails (hiking, running, mountain biking, horse riding, trail bikes, wildlife photography, camping, etc). Currently, little is known about injuries or adverse health events that occur during the types of activities that often involve trails. The aim of this project is to enable people to use West Australian trails, that take into account, (and mitigate where possible), the types of injuries people experience during their chosen recreation.

PEC-ANZ (Prehospital and Emergency Care Australia and New Zealand) is a new NHMRC funded Centre of Research Excellence established in 2018. Our team comprises some of the most experienced and renowned Austral fields of prehospital emergency care and trauma.We aim to save lives by improving the experiences of Australians relying on ambulance services. We will do this by:
• Generating new knowledge that will enable efficient and effective prehospital emergency care policy and practice.
• Facilitate and coordinate collaborative research projects and build capacity in emergency medical services (EMS) research in Australia (and New Zealand).
• Strengthen the evidence-base on which ambulance services can formulate policies and practices, in order to maximise patient outcomes.

Over the coming years, our new Centre will engage in a series of trials and research projects exploring delivery of care to vulnerable people, the 000 call centre pathway, pain management, explore the impact of emergency-related communications campaigns and more

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Severe respiratory distress with extreme breathlessness and distress (for example, from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute pulmonary odema, pneumonia) is potentially life-threatening. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) applied by face mask is an integral part of hospital treatment but better patient outcomes may be achieved when CPAP is applied earlier by paramedics in the prehospital setting. Link here.

Sudden cardiac arrest is a common event in the community. Therapeutic hypothermia decreases the brain injury caused by the cardiac arrest and is currently used in the hospital after successful resuscitation. However, there may be better outcomes if the brain is cooled by paramedics during resuscitation. We will compare survival rates for those patients cooled early by paramedics using an infusion of ice-saline during cardiac arrest with those patients who are later cooled by the hospital.

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As demand for Emergency Department (ED) services continues to exceed any increase that can be explained by population growth, strategies to reduce demand and/or increase supply are being explored. The concept of ambulance paramedics providing an alternative model of care to the current ‘see and transport to ED’ has intuitive appeal and a small number of so-called ECPs have been introduced in NSW and SA. Our project will develop and test (through simulation) the feasibility and safety of empirically derived clinical protocols for an ECP role for the Perth metropolitan area. In addition, we will model the impact of the introduction of ECPs on ED demand and investigate the potential for ameliorating the problem of ED over-crowding in Perth.

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Watkins PM, Buzzacott P, Tohira H, Majewski D, Hill A-M, Brink D, Brits R, Finn J. Emergency Medical Service attendances for adults with repeat falls in Western Australia: A state-wide retrospective cohort study. Prehospital Emergency Care. 2024:1-14.

Watkins P, Buzzacott P, Tohira H, Finn J, Brink D, Brits R, Hill AM. “Mind the gap”: An exploratory qualitative study of paramedics’ experiences attending older adults who fall in Western Australia. Australas Emerg Care. 2024.

Tohira H, Brits R, Lenton S, Agramunt S, Brink D, Naylor C, Belcher J, Ball S, Finn J. Descriptive before-and-after study of the introduction of a ‘Leave Behind’ take-home naloxone dispensing/distribution program by the ambulance service in Western Australia. Paramedicine. 2024;0(0):27536386231222283.

Talikowska M, Belcher J, Ball S, Majewski D, Finn J. CPR-induced consciousness in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in Western Australia: case characteristics and CPR quality. Resuscitation. 2024.

Doan T, Howell S, Ball S, Finn J, Cameron P, Bosley E, Dicker B, Faddy S, Nehme Z, Heriot N, Swain A, Thorrowgood M, Thomas A, Perillo S, McDermott M, Smith T, Smith K, Belcher J, Bray J, on behalf of the Aus ROCOEMC. Identifying areas of Australia with high out-of-hospital cardiac arrest incidence and low bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation rates: A retrospective, observational study. PLoS One. 2024;19(4):e0301176.

Aldridge ES, Perera N, Ball S, Birnie T, Morgan A, Whiteside A, Bray J, Finn J. Barriers to CPR initiation and continuation during the emergency call relating to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A descriptive cohort study. Resuscitation. 2024;195:110104.

Aldridge ES, Ball S, Birnie T, Perera N, Whiteside A, Bray J, Finn J. The association of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest barriers to cardiopulmonary resuscitation initiation and continuation during the emergency call: A retrospective cohort study. Resuscitation Plus. 2024;19:100702.

Tohira H, Brits R, Lenton S, et al. Descriptive before-and-after study of the introduction of a ‘Leave Behind’ take-home naloxone dispensing/distribution program by the ambulance service in Western Australia. Paramedicine. 2024;0(0). doi:10.1177/27536386231222283

Bailey P, Fyfe M, Finn J, on behalf of the SJA-WA and PRECRU contributors. Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest Report 2021.
Belmont, Western Australia: St John WA; 2023 Available from https://impact.stjohnwa.com.au/docs/default-source/defaultdocument-
library/ohca-report-2021-final.pdf?sfvrsn=d5ee25d4_0

Braybrook PJ, Tohira H, Birnie T, Brink D, Finn J, Buzzacott P. Types and anatomical locations of injuries among mountain bikers and hikers: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2023 Aug 30;18(8):e0285614. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285614. PMID: 37647303; PMCID: PMC10468092.

Braybrook PJ, Tohira H, Brink D, Finn J, Buzzacott PL. Analgesic agents administered by ambulance personnel to mountain bikers and hikers on trails in Western Australia. Heliyon. 2023;9(11):e21717.

Howell S, Smith K, Finn J, Cameron P, Ball S, Bosley E, Doan T, Dicker B, Faddy S, Nehme Z, Swain A, Thorrowgood M, Thomas A, Perillo S, McDermott M, Smith T, Bray J. The development of a risk-adjustment strategy to benchmark emergency medical service (EMS) performance in relation to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Australia and New Zealand. Resuscitation. 2023;188:109847.

Perera, Nirukshi, Tanya Birnie, Austin Whiteside, Stephen Ball, and Judith Finn. ‘“If You Miss That First Step in the Chain of Survival, There Is No Second Step”–Emergency Ambulance Call-Takers’ Experiences in Managing out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Calls’. PLOS ONE 18, no. 3 (13 March 2023): e0279521. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279521.

Tohira H, Brink D, Davids L, Brits R, Ball S, Schug S, Bailey P, Finn J. Use of ketamine wafer for pain management by volunteer emergency medical technicians in rural Western Australia. Emerg Med Australas. 2023 May 1. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.14226. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37127293.

Smith A, Masters S, Ball S, Finn J. The incidence and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in metropolitan versus rural locations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2023 Apr;185:109655. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.11.021. Epub 2022 Dec 8. PMID: 36496107.

Talikowska M, Ball S, Majewski D, Belcher J, Brits R, Gallant S, Finn L, Finn J. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in residential aged care facilities is independently associated with lower survival in Perth, Australia. Resuscitation Plus. 2023;16:100495.

Talikowska M, Ball S, Whiteside A, Belcher J, Finn J. Use of dispatch codes for obvious/expected deaths: Maintaining patient safety while reducing the number of lights-and-sirens responses. Resuscitation. 2023;185:109751.

Watkins PM, Hill AM, Tohira H, Brink D, Finn J, Buzzacott P. Epidemiology of ambulance-attended adults who fell in Western Australia 2015 – 2021: An increasing incidence in an ageing population. Injury. 2023 Dec;54(12):111035. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2023.111035. Epub 2023 Sep 16. PMID: 37777369.

Watkins PM, Masters S, Hill AM, Tohira H, Brink D, Finn J, Buzzacott P. The prehospital management of ambulance-attended adults who fell: A scoping review. Australas Emerg Care. 2023;26(1):45-53.

Belcher J, Finn J, Whiteside A, Ball S. Association between initial presenting level of consciousness and patient acuity – A potential application for secondary triage in emergency ambulance calls. Australasian Emergency Care. 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.auec.2022.11.002

Ceklic, E., Tohira, H., Ball, S. et al. A predictive ambulance dispatch algorithm to the scene of a motor vehicle crash: the
search for optimal over and under triage rates. BMC Emerg Med 22, 74 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186
/s12873-022-00609-5

Ceklic, E., Tohira, H., Finn, J., Brink, D., Bailey, P., Whiteside, A., Brown, E., Brits, R. and Ball, S. (2022), “Can ambulance
dispatch categories discriminate traffic incidents that do/do not require a lights and sirens response?”, International
Journal of Emergency Services, Vol. 11 No. 2, pp. 222-234. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJES-05-2021-0026

Ceklic, E., Ball, S., Finn, J., Brown, E., Brink, D., Bailey, P., Whiteside, A., Brits, R. and Tohira, H. (2022), “Ambulance
dispatch prioritisation for traffic crashes using machine learning: A natural language approach.” International Journal of
Medical Informatics, Vol 168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2022.104886.

Finn J, Brink D, McKenzie N, Garcia A, Tohira H, Perkins G, Arendts G, Fatovich D, Hendrie D, McQuillan B, Summers Celenza A, Mukherjee A, Smedley B, Pereira G, Ball S, Williams T, & Bailey P. Prehospital continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for acute respiratory distress: A randomised controlled trial. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2022;39(1), 37-44.

Ngo H, Birnie T, Finn J, Ball S, & Perera N. Emotions in telephone calls to emergency medical services involving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A scoping review. Resuscitation Plus. 2022;11.

Perera N, Finn J, Bray J. Can emergency dispatch communication research go deeper? Resuscitation Plus. 2022;9:100192.

Perera N, Riou M, Ball S, Birnie T, Morgan A, Whiteside A, Bray J, Bailey P, & Finn J. The trajectory of repairs in the defibrillator sequence during emergency cardiac arrest calls – Balancing progressivity and intersubjectivity. Communication and Medicine. 2022;17(2), 150–164.

Perera N, Riou M, Ball S, Whiteside A, Finn J. Enhancing emergency dispatch communication as part of innovative approaches to public-access defibrillation. Resuscitation. 2022;175, 169-170.

Tohira H, Masters S, Ngo H, Bailey P, Ball S, Finn J, & Arendts G. Descriptive study of ambulance attendances for older adults with and without dementia in Western Australia. Prehospital Emergency Care. 2022; DOI:10.1080/10903127.2022.2096

Watkins PM, Masters S, Hill AM, Tohira H, Brink D, Finn J, Buzzacott P. The prehospital management of ambulance-attended adults who fell: A scoping review. Australas Emerg Care. 2023 Mar;26(1):45-53. doi: 10.1016/j.auec.2022.07.006. Epub 2022 Jul 29. PMID: 35909044.

Belcher J, Finn J, Whiteside A, Ball S. ‘Is the patient completely alert?’ – accuracy of emergency medical dispatcher determination of patient conscious state. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine. 2021;18.

Blaxill J, Buzzacott P, Finlay J. Prognostic indicators for naïve canine non-indolent T-cell lymphoma treated with combination lomustine, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisolone (LOPP) chemotherapy. Veterinary and Comparative Oncology. 31/08/2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/vco.12768

Buzzacott P, Anderson G, Tillmans F, Grier JW, Denoble PJ. Incidence of cardiac arrhythmias and left ventricular hypertrophy in recreational scuba divers. Diving Hyperb Med. 2021;51(2):190-8.

Buzzacott P, Hornsby A, Shreeves K. Mortality rate during professionally guided scuba diving experiences for uncertified divers, 1992-2019. Diving Hyperb Med. 2021;51(2):147-51.

Buzzacott P, Tohira H, Bailey P, Arendts G, Ball S, Brown E, Finn J. Fall from standing height, or greater, and mortality among ambulance-transported patients with major trauma from falls. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine. 2021;18.

Buzzacott, P & Skrzypek, G. 2021, Thermal anomaly and water origin in Weebubbie Cave, Nullarbor Karst Plain, Australia. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies. 2021:4;100793. Doi: 10.1016/j.ejrh.2021.100793

Doan T N, Wilson D, Rashford S, Ball S, Bosley. Spatiotemporal variation in the risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Queensland, Australia. Resuscitation Plus. 2021;8.

Howard A, Buzzacott P, Gawthrope C, Banham ND. Effect of antiplatelet and/or anticoagulation medication on the risk of tympanic barotrauma in hyperbaric oxygen therapy patients and development of a predictive model. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, 2020;50(4):338-42.

Lautridou J, Dugrenot E, Amérand A, Guernec A, Pichavant-Rafini K, Goanvec C, Inizan M, Albacete G, Belhomme M, Galinat H, Lafère P, Balestra C, Moisan C, Buzzacott P, and Guerrero F. Physiological characteristics associated with increased resistance to decompression sickness in male and female rats. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2020:129(3). doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00324.2020.

Majewski D, Ball S, Bailey P, Bray J, Finn J. Long-term survival among OHCA patients who survive to 30 days: Does initial arrest rhythm remain a prognostic determinant? Resuscitation. 2021;162:128-134.

Paiano R, Feletti F, Tarabini M, Buzzacott P. Use of a prospective survey method to capture a picture of overuse injuries in kitesurfing. Muscle Ligaments and Tendons Journal. 2020;10(2);163-8.

Riou M, Ball S, Morgan A, Grant S, Perera N, Whiteside A, Bray J, Bailey P, Finn J. ‘I think he’s dead’: A cohort study of the impact of caller declarations of death during the emergency call on bystander CPR. Resuscitation. 2021.

Watkins P M, Buzzacott P, Brink D, Masters S, Hill A. Pre-hospital management, injuries and disposition of ambulance attended adults who fall: A scoping review protocol. Australian Journal of Paramedicine. 2021;18.

Belcher J, Finn J, Whiteside A, Ball S. Accuracy of call-taker assessment of patient level of consciousness: a systematic review. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine. 2020;17.

Bray JE, Cartledge S, Finn J, Eastwood GM, McKenzie N, Stub D, Straney L, Bernard S. The current temperature: A survey of post-resuscitation care across Australian and New Zealand intensive care units. Resuscitation Plus. 2020;1-2:100002.

Bray J, Nehme Z, Nguyen A, Lockey A, Finn J, Education Implementation Teams Task Force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. A systematic review of the impact of emergency medical service practitioner experience and exposure to out of hospital cardiac arrest on patient outcomes. Resuscitation. 2020.

Brown E, Tohira H, Bailey P, Finn J. Is age associated with emergency medical service transport to a trauma centre in patients with major trauma? A systematic review. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine. 2020;17.

Brown E, Tohira H, Bailey P, Fatovich D, Pereira G, Finn J. A comparison of major trauma patient transport destination in metropolitan Perth, Western Australia. Australasian Emergency Care. 2020;23(2):90-6.

Cartledge S, Saxton D, Finn J, Bray JE. Australia’s awareness of cardiac arrest and rates of CPR training: results from the Heart Foundation’s HeartWatch survey. BMJ Open. 2020;10(1):e033722.

Ceklic E, Tohira H, Ball S, Brown E, Brink D, Bailey P, Whiteside A, Finn J. Motor vehicle crash characteristics that are predictive of high acuity patients: an analysis of linked ambulance and crash data. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2020:1-13.

Ceklic E, Tohira H, Ball S, Finn J. A systematic review of the relationship between ambulant status and the need for a lights and sirens ambulance response to crashes. Annals of Emergency Dispatch & Response 2020;7(3).

Fatovich D, Finn J, Webb S, Macdonald S. The challenges of obtaining consent in emergency care research. Tasman Medical Journal. 2020;2(1):11-4.

Finn J, Jacobs I, Williams TA, Gates S, Perkins GD. Adrenaline and vasopressin for cardiac arrest. Emergencias. 2020;32(2):133-4.

Greif R, Bhanji F, Bigham BL, Bray J, Breckwoldt J, Cheng A, Duff JP, Gilfoyle E, Hsieh MJ, Iwami T, Lauridsen KG, Lockey AS, Ma MH, Monsieurs KG, Okamoto D, Pellegrino JL, Yeung J, Finn JC, Baldi E, Beck S, Beckers SK, Blewer AL, Boulton A, Cheng-Heng L, Yang CW, Coppola A, Dainty KN, Damjanovic D, Djarv T, Donoghue A, Georgiou M, Gunson I, Krob JL, Kuzovlev A, Ko YC, Leary M, Lin Y, Mancini ME, Matsuyama T, Navarro K, Nehme Z, Orkin AM, Pellis T, Pflanzl-Knizacek L, Pisapia L, Saviani M, Sawyer T, Scapigliati A, Schnaubelt S, Scholefield B, Semeraro F, Shammet S, Smyth MA, Ward A, Zace D, Baldi E, Beck S, Beckers SK, Blewer AL, Boulton A, Cheng-Heng L, Yang CW, Coppola A, Dainty KN, Damjanovic D, Djarv T, Donoghue A, Georgiou M, Gunson I, Krob JL, Kuzovlev A, Ko YC, Leary M, Lin Y, Mancini ME, Matsuyama T, Navarro K, Nehme Z, Pellis T, Pflanzl-Knizacek L, Pisapia L, Saviani M, Sawyer T, Schnaubelt S, Scholefield B, Semeraro F, Shammet S, Smyth MA, Ward A, Zace D, Education I, Teams C. Education, Implementation, and Teams: 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation. 2020;156:A188-A239.

Kiguchi T, Okubo M, Nishiyama C, Maconochie I, Ong MEH, Kern KB, Wyckoff MH, McNally B, Christensen E, Tjelmeland I, Herlitz J, Perkins GD, Booth S, Finn J, Shahidah N, Shin SD, Bobrow BJ, Morrison LJ, Salo A, Baldi E, Burkart R, Lin CH, Jouven X, Soar J, Nolan JP, Iwami T. Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest across the World: First Report from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). Resuscitation. 2020.

Majewski D, Ball S, Bailey P, Bray J, Finn J. Relative long-term survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: Is it really improving? Resuscitation. 2020.

Mckenzie N, Finn J, Dobb G, Bailey P, Arendts G, Celenza A, Fatovich D, Jenkins I, Ball S, Bray J, Ho KM. Non-linear association between arterial oxygen tension and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A multicentre observational study. Resuscitation. 2020

Morley PT, Atkins DL, Finn JC, Maconochie I, Nolan JP, Rabi Y, Singletary EM, Wang TL, Welsford M, Olasveengen TM, Aickin R, Billi JE, Greif R, Lang E, Mancini ME, Montgomery WH, Neumar RW, Perkins GD, Soar J, Wyckoff MH, Morrison LJ. Evidence Evaluation Process and Management of Potential Conflicts of Interest: 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2020;142(16_suppl_1):S28-S40.

Morley PT, Atkins DL, Finn JC, Maconochie I, Nolan JP, Rabi Y, Singletary EM, Wang TL, Welsford M, Olasveengen TM, Aickin R, Billi JE, Greif R, Lang E, Mancini ME, Montgomery WH, Neumar RW, Perkins GD, Soar J, Wyckoff MH, Morrison LJ. Evidence Evaluation Process and Management of Potential Conflicts of Interest: 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation. 2020;156:A23-A34.

Perera N, Ball S, Birnie T, Morgan A, Riou M, Whiteside A, Perkins GD, Bray J, Fatovich DM, Cameron P, Brink D, Bailey P, Finn J. “Sorry, what did you say?” Communicating defibrillator retrieval and use in OHCA emergency calls. Resuscitation. 2020;156:182-9.

Perkins GD, Kenna C, Ji C, Deakin CD, Nolan JP, Quinn T, Scomparin C, Fothergill R, Gunson I, Pocock H, Rees N, O’Shea L, Finn J, Gates S, Lall R. The influence of time to adrenaline administration in the Paramedic 2 randomised controlled trial. Intensive Care Medicine. 2020.

Riou M, Ball S, Whiteside A, Gallant S, Morgan A, Bailey P, Finn J. Caller resistance to perform cardio-pulmonary resuscitation in emergency calls for cardiac arrest. Social Science & Medicine. 2020;256:113045.

Schnaubelt S, Monsieurs KG, Semeraro F, Schlieber J, Cheng A, Bigham BL, Garg R, Finn JC, Greif R, International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Education ITTF. Clinical outcomes from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in low-resource settings – A scoping review. Resuscitation. 2020;156:137-45.

Talikowska M, Ball S, Rose D, Bailey P, Brink D, Stewart K, Doyle M, Davids L, Finn J. CPR quality among paramedics and ambulance officers: a cross-sectional simulation study. Australian Journal of Paramedicine. 2020.

Yeung J, Djarv T, Hsieh MJ, Sawyer T, Lockey A, Finn J, Greif R, Education I, Team Task F, Neonatal Life Support Task Force of the International Liaison Committee on R. Spaced learning versus massed learning in resuscitation – A systematic review. Resuscitation. 2020;156:61-71.